FINE CHEMICALS: THEORY AND PRACTICE
Wan-Min Ni
Zhejiang International Studies University
Copyright © 2020 by Cayley Nielson Press, Inc.
ISBN: 978-1-7348822-0-9
Cayley Nielson Press Scholarly Monograph Series Book Code No.: 210-5-9
US$150.80
Preface
This book provides an overview of the status of the fine chemical industry both in China and all over the world. Safety, health, environmental, and regulatory issues are discussed only briefly, as the related subjects are extensively covered in the specialized literature.
As of today, the majority of the global ＄85 billion production value of fine chemicals continues to be covered by captive production, leaving a business potential of ＄60 billion for the fine chemicl industry. In this book, fine chemicals are divided into the following eight chapters based on the situation in China, food additives, surfactants, detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, adhesives and other specialty chemicals. For example, Chapter 1 food additives are composed of more than 20 kinds of additives, including antioxidants, antimicrobials, emulgators, acidulants, thickeners, sweetening agents, colorants, flavouring agents and perfume, etc.
This book is supported by Education Department of Zhejiang Province under Grant Y201942874, Teaching Affairs of Zhejiang International Studies University under Grant 080710042018; National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 41503082.
As the co-instructors, Professor Xuzhan Xu, Yiping Zhang, Qi Feng, Deqiang Qi, Shuang Shao, Miaoqin Zhu, Li Wang, Xiong Zhang, Guoqiang Shao and Jinzong You devoted a lot of efforts.
In case of any inappropriate expressions or mistakes in this book, I am thankful that the readers could give criticism and correction.
Wan-Min Ni
Zhejiang International Studies University
Hangzhou, China
Mar 12, 2020
Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................................... 1
Part 1 Theory.................................................................................................................................... 7
1 Fine Chemicals............................................................................................................................. 8
1.1 What are Fine Chemicals?....................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 9
1.3 Classification........................................................................................................................... 12
1.3.1 Classification in most developed country....................................................................... 12
1.3.2 Classification in China....................................................................................................... 12
1.3.3 Classification in Japan, 1985............................................................................................. 13
1.4 Features.................................................................................................................................... 17
1.5 Development........................................................................................................................... 17
1.6 Trend......................................................................................................................................... 25
2 Food Additives........................................................................................................................... 26
2.1 Definition................................................................................................................................. 26
2.2 Classification........................................................................................................................... 27
2.3 Regulation................................................................................................................................ 28
2.4 Details....................................................................................................................................... 30
2.4.1 Antimicrobials...................................................................................................................... 33
2.4.2 Antioxidants......................................................................................................................... 36
2.4.3 Emulsifiers........................................................................................................................... 40
2.4.4 Thickeners............................................................................................................................ 41
2.4.5 Flavouring agents................................................................................................................ 43
3 Surfactants................................................................................................................................... 57
3.1 Definitions............................................................................................................................... 57
3.2 Concepts................................................................................................................................... 58
3.3 Classification........................................................................................................................... 60
3.3.1 Anioinc surfactants............................................................................................................. 60
3.3.2 Catioinc surfactants............................................................................................................ 63
3.3.3 Amphoteric surfactants....................................................................................................... 65
3.3.4 Non-ionicic surfactants...................................................................................................... 66
3.3.5 Special surfactants.............................................................................................................. 68
4 Detergents................................................................................................................................... 72
4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 72
4.1.2 Factors affecting washing process.................................................................................... 74
4.2 Detergent industry.................................................................................................................. 74
4.3 Developing trend.................................................................................................................... 77
4.4 Components of detergents..................................................................................................... 78
4.4.1 Surfactants in detergents.................................................................................................... 78
4.4.2 Inorganic additives.............................................................................................................. 80
4.4.3 Organic additives................................................................................................................. 82
4.5 Production of detergents........................................................................................................ 87
4.6 Formula design of detergents............................................................................................... 88
5 Cosmetics.................................................................................................................................... 91
5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 91
5.1.1 Definition.............................................................................................................................. 91
5.1.2 Classification....................................................................................................................... 91
5.1.3 Components.......................................................................................................................... 94
5.1.4 Brand..................................................................................................................................... 95
5.1.5 Developing trend................................................................................................................. 95
5.2 Cream cosmetics..................................................................................................................... 96
5.3 Perfume cosmetics.................................................................................................................. 97
5.4 Beauty cosmetics.................................................................................................................... 99
5.5 Hair cosmetics......................................................................................................................... 99
5.6 Other cosmetics.................................................................................................................... 101
6 Pharmaceuticals....................................................................................................................... 104
6.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 104
6.1.1 The Pharmaceutical industry........................................................................................... 104
6.1.2 Classification...................................................................................................................... 111
6.2 Antibacterial drugs............................................................................................................... 114
6.2.1 Sulfa drugs.......................................................................................................................... 114
6.2.2 Antibiotics.......................................................................................................................... 116
6.2.3 Quinolines.......................................................................................................................... 129
6.3 Antivirus drugs..................................................................................................................... 135
6.4 Antipyretic anagesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammantory drugs............................ 138
6.4.1 Antipyretic anagesics drugs............................................................................................ 138
6.4.2 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs......................................................................... 142
6.5 Antihistamine drugs............................................................................................................. 145
6.5.1 Definition........................................................................................................................... 145
6.5.2 Classification..................................................................................................................... 145
6.6 Anti-cold drugs..................................................................................................................... 148
6.6.1 Components....................................................................................................................... 149
6.6.2 Rational use........................................................................................................................ 152
7 Agrochemicals......................................................................................................................... 153
7.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 153
7.1.1 Definition........................................................................................................................... 156
7.1.2 Function.............................................................................................................................. 156
7.1.3 Classification..................................................................................................................... 156
7.1.4 Regulation.......................................................................................................................... 158
7.1.5 Safe types of agrochemicals............................................................................................ 159
7.1.6 Types of agrochemicals forbidden to use..................................................................... 162
7.1.7 Types of agrochemicals limited to use.......................................................................... 163
7.1.8 Developing trend............................................................................................................... 164
7.2 Pesticide/Insecticide............................................................................................................ 165
7.2.1 Chlorohydrocarbon........................................................................................................... 166
7.2.2 Phosphate esters................................................................................................................ 167
7.2.3 Carbamates......................................................................................................................... 170
7.2.4 Pyrethroid........................................................................................................................... 171
7.3 Bactericide/ Fungicide/ Germicide................................................................................... 175
7.3.1 Classification of Bactericide........................................................................................... 175
7.3.2 Common Bactericide........................................................................................................ 175
7.4 Herbicides.............................................................................................................................. 178
7.4.1 Classification..................................................................................................................... 178
7.4.2 Common herbicide........................................................................................................... 179
7.4.3 Weeds in farmland............................................................................................................ 181
7.5 Plant growth regulator......................................................................................................... 183
7.5.1 Plant growth accelerator.................................................................................................. 184
7.5.2 Plant growth retardant...................................................................................................... 184
7.5.3 Plant growth inhibitor...................................................................................................... 184
8 Adhesives.................................................................................................................................. 186
8.1 Definition............................................................................................................................... 186
8.2 Classification........................................................................................................................ 186
8.3 Application............................................................................................................................ 187
9 Other fine chemicals............................................................................................................... 189
9.1 Specialty Polymers.............................................................................................................. 189
9.2 Catalysts and Enzymes........................................................................................................ 190
Part 2 Practice.............................................................................................................................. 192
10 Preparation of fine chemicals.............................................................................................. 193
10.1 Green Synthesis of Benzil and its structure characterization..................................... 193
10.2 Preparation Method........................................................................................................... 194
10.3 Characterization................................................................................................................. 195
References.................................................................................................................................... 199
Readership
This book should be useful for students, scientists, engineers and professionals working in the areas of optoelectronic packaging, photonic devices, semiconductor technology, materials science, polymer science, electrical and electronics engineering. This book could be used for one semester course on adhesives for photonics packaging designed for both undergraduate and graduate engineering students.
