ALGAL BLOOMS MONITORING AND ASSOCIATED ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT
Wan-Min Ni
Zhejiang International Studies University
Jian-Ying Zhang
Zhejiang University
Copyright © 2018 by Cayley Nielson Press, Inc.
ISBN: 978-1-5323-9657-1
Cayley Nielson Press Scholarly Monograph Series Book Code No.: 201-1-7
US$175.50
Preface
Eutrophication problems in water bodies have deteriorated as the economy advances leading to algal blooms and microcystins (MCs) production that pose significant risks to drinking water security. The presence of MCs in freshwater systems used for drinking water sources and recreational purposes have received elevated attention due to their potential impacts on ecosystems. Monitoring techniques of algal blooms and associated microcystin, and methods for aquatic health risk assessment have recently gained increasing attention.
This book focuses on the pollution of algal blooms and associated ecological risks in freshwater ecosystems. Recent advances on health risks caused by algal blooms and associated toxins, production mechanism of microcystins, the relationship between environmental factors and microcystins, the risk assessment of microcystin contaminated fish were discussed.
The contents of the book are organized into seven chapters. In chapter 1, Qingshan Lake Reservoir in Lin’an of western Hangzhou was selected as the study region. Effects of ecological habitat on growth of dominated freshwater species were investigated, and response of algae to water quality was explored to provide scientific proof for prevention of algal blooms. In chapter 2, High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical techniques (HPLC-MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to study the spatial and temporal distribution of microcystin, to explore major nutrients (NH4+ and NO3-) and a series of environmental factors regulating harmful algal growth and microcystin production. In chapter 3, median effective concentration (EC50) of appototic cell was selected as an indicator for an original method of assessing cytotoxicity induced by microcystin pollution. In chapter 4, Landsat ETM+ remote sensing images with field measurements of algal biomass (Chloropyll-a, Chl-a) were combined to establish a quantitative multiple linear regression model with water quality inversion techniques, to identify algal bloom occurrence in the reservoir and provide early warning of algal blooms. In chapter 5, water samples of the Xixi Wetland were sampled in the late autumn and early winter of 2013, and then analyzed for nitrogen and phosphorus species and chlorophyll-a indicators. Artificial climate chamber was used to simulate the nitrogen input and global warming scenario, to study the effect of nutrients (ammonia and nitrate) addition and temperature on the algal growth. In chapter 6, three common freshwater diatoms (Nitzschia sp., Cyclotella meneghiniana, Gomphonema parvulum) in Taihu Lake watershed were selected, to determine the influence of different nitrogen species on diatom indicators, to study the response of photosynthetic and antioxidant enzyme systems to nitrogen exposure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize ultrastructural changes of chloroplast, to confirm the sensitivity difference of common freshwater diatoms under stress of different nitrogen source. In chapter 7, variations in MC content were examined in water samples and fish tissues during a Microcystis aeruginosa dominated bloom in a fish pond in Hangzhou, China. Common MCs including MCLR, MCRR, MCYR, MCLF, MCLY, MCLA and MCLW were examined among the water samples and tissue samples (intestine, spleen, muscle, kidney, gallbladder, and liver). The combined risks from skin exposure and food intake in this fish pond were discussed.
This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41503082) and Zhejiang International Studies University. I would also like to extend thanks to authors contributing to the book chapters, especially Yin-Mei Zhu, R. Jan Stevenson, Jia-Guo Qi, Hang-Jun Zhang, Linda Novitski, Yang-Dong Pan, Teng-Da Ding and Yang Luo. They offered help on sample characterization, data interpretation, and language improvement of the book chapters.
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................................... I
1 Response of Freshwater Algae to Water Quality in Qinshan Lake, Taihu watershed, China.................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Materials and Methods......................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Study area..................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Algal biomass.............................................................................................................. 2
1.2.3 N:P ratios........................................................................................................................ 4
1.2.4 Trophic Level Index............................................................................................... 4
1.3 Results and Discussion........................................................................................... 5
1.3.1 Physicochemical properties........................................................................... 5
1.3.2 Eutrophication Properties............................................................................. 9
1.3.3 Freshwater algae response to water quality........................... 10
1.4 Conclusions................................................................................................................... 15
2 Environmental factors regulating cyanobacteria dominance and microcystin production in a subtropical lake...................... 16
2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 16
2.2 Materials and methods....................................................................................... 18
2.2.1 Study site..................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.2 Field sampling......................................................................................................... 18
2.2.3 Analytical methods........................................................................................... 19
2.2.4 Algal attributes................................................................................................... 20
2.2.5 Analysis of microcystins................................................................................ 21
2.2.6 Statistical analysis............................................................................................ 22
2.3 Results.............................................................................................................................. 22
2.3.1 Water quality of Qingshan Lake............................................................... 22
2.3.2 Trophic state of Qingshan Lake................................................................ 25
2.3.3 Algal species composition and its dependence on nutrient levels 25
2.3.4 Microcystin concentrations...................................................................... 28
2.3.5 Correlation between microcystins and water quality variables 29
2.4 Discussion........................................................................................................................ 30
2.4.1 Sources of N and P in Qingshan Lake...................................................... 30
2.4.2 Algal biomass and species variations in response to water quality 32
2.4.3 Microcystins concentrations in relation to algae species and water quality variables......................................... 34
2.5 Conclusions................................................................................................................... 37
3 Cytotoxicity effects of the joint pollution by microcystins and disinfection by-products................................................ 38
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 38
3.2 Materials and methods....................................................................................... 41
3.2.1 Chemicals..................................................................................................................... 41
3.2.2 Experimental fish................................................................................................. 42
3.2.3 Isolation of lymphocytes and cell culture.................................. 42
3.2.4 Flow cytometry analysis............................................................................... 43
3.2.5 Dose-dependant assay....................................................................................... 43
3.2.6 Joint Effect Coefficient Method............................................................. 43
3.2.7 Statistical analysis............................................................................................ 44
3.3 Results.............................................................................................................................. 44
3.3.1 Lymphocyte apoptosis analyzed by FCMs.......................................... 44
3.3.2 Single dose-dependent induced by MCLR、MCRR、CHCl2Br and CHClBr2 45
3.3.3 Dose-dependent induced by mixture of MCLR and CHCl2Br or CHClBr2, mixture of MCRR and CHCl2Br or CHClBr2..... 46
3.3.4 Joint Effect of mixture of MCLR and CHCl2Br or CHClBr2, mixture of MCRR and CHCl2Br or CHClBr2........ 48
3.4 Discussion........................................................................................................................ 49
3.5 Conclusions................................................................................................................... 50
4 Assessment of spatial distribution of algal biomass in a subtropical lake in China by modeling of Landsat ETM+ data coupled with field data............ 51
4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 51
4.2 Materials and Methods....................................................................................... 53
4.2.1 Study Site..................................................................................................................... 53
4.2.2 Landsat-7 ETM+ data.......................................................................................... 54
4.2.3 Field data.................................................................................................................... 55
4.2.4 Trophic State Index............................................................................................. 56
4.2.5 Statistical Analysis............................................................................................ 56
4.3 Results.............................................................................................................................. 56
4.3.1 Spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a concentrations.... 56
4.3.2 Model development............................................................................................ 57
4.3.3 Trophic State Index............................................................................................. 62
4.4 Discussion........................................................................................................................ 62
4.5 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 65
5 Impact of nutrients and temperature on algal growth and relative abundance of Xixi Wetland................................ 67
5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 67
5.2 Materials & Methods............................................................................................. 68
5.2.1 Study Site..................................................................................................................... 68
5.2.2 Measurements of chlorophyll-a and nitrogen concentrations 68
5.2.3 Effect of nutrients and temperature on algal growth... 69
5.2.4 Statistical Analysis............................................................................................ 70
5.3 Results and Discussion......................................................................................... 70
5.3.1 Water quality of Xixi Wetland................................................................. 70
5.3.2 Effects of different nitrogen source on algal growth... 71
5.3.3 Effect of temperature on algal growth and relative abundance 71
5.4 Conclusions................................................................................................................... 74
6 Effects of different nitrogen species on sensitivity and photosynthetic stress of three common freshwater diatoms........... 75
6.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 75
6.2 Experiments................................................................................................................... 77
6.2.1 Cultivation of Algae.......................................................................................... 77
6.2.2 Measurements of Chlorophyll a and nitrogen concentrations 78
6.2.3 Measurements of Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution........... 79
6.2.4 Characterization of Ultrastructure of Chloroplast........ 79
6.2.5 Data Analysis............................................................................................................ 80
6.3 Results.............................................................................................................................. 81
6.3.1 Diatom Sensitivity to ammonium and nitrate.............................. 81
6.3.2 Response of photosynthetic rate to ammonia stress........... 85
6.3.3 Ultrastructure changes of chloroplast to ammonia stress 87
6.4 Discussion........................................................................................................................ 89
6.4.1 Sensitivity difference of typical freshwater diatoms on ammonia and nitrate 89
6.4.2 Effects of Ammonia stress on photosynthetic rate.............. 91
6.4.3 Effects of ammonia stress on ultrastructure of chloroplast 93
6.5 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 94
7 Microcystin accumulation in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) during a Microcystis dominated bloom and risk assessment of the dietary intake in a fish pond, China 95
7.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 95
7.2 Materials & Methods............................................................................................. 97
7.2.1 Study site and fish collection.................................................................. 97
7.2.2 Measurements of water quality parameters.............................. 98
7.2.3 Determination of microcystin concentration........................... 99
7.2.4 Recovery experiments.................................................................................... 100
7.3 Results............................................................................................................................ 101
7.3.1 Water quality analysis................................................................................ 101
7.3.2 MC contents in water samples................................................................ 102
7.3.3 MCs contents in various tissues of bighead carp.................... 103
7.3.4 Recovery experiments.................................................................................... 104
7.4 Discussion..................................................................................................................... 105
7.5 Conclusions................................................................................................................ 111
References.......................................................................................................................... 113
Readership
This book should be useful for students, scientists, engineers and professionals working in the areas of optoelectronic packaging, photonic devices, semiconductor technology, materials science, polymer science, electrical and electronics engineering. This book could be used for one semester course on adhesives for photonics packaging designed for both undergraduate and graduate engineering students.
